Practicing Surgeons' Curriculum
Introduction
This collection of infographics is generated by the APSA Education Committee as a curriculum to keep currently practicing surgeons up to date.
Please submit your questions, comments and feedback (including suggestions for future topics) to think@eapsa.org.
Critical and Perioperative Care
In which areas of pediatric surgery can you impact the inappropriate use of antibiotics?
[1][2][3] (for more see Surgical Infection)
video link Antibiotic Stewardship 2019 Top Educational Content talk
What is the correct transfusion threshold in critically ill or injured children?
infographic by David Notrica
[4][5][6][7][8] (for more see Transfusion and Coagulation Therapy)
video links Hemostatic Transfusion and Goal Directed Transfusion from the APSA 2020 virtual meeting
How does hospital acquired hyponatremia occur and what is the best way to prevent it?
infographic by Pramod Puligandla
[9][10] (for more see Fluid and Electrolytes)
What are the current pediatric surviving sepsis guidelines?
infographic by Janice Taylor
[11][12] (for more see Surgical Infection)
video link Surviving Sepsis Guidelines 2019 Top Educational Content talk)
How do you use a viscoelastic assay to guide transfusion requirements in bleeding patients?
infographic by Janice Taylor
[13][14] (for more see Transfusion and Coagulation Therapy )
What are the opioid prescribing guidelines for children and adolescents?
infographic by Steven Lee
[15] (for more see Sedation and Analgesia)
What are the key elements of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) in neonatal intestinal surgery?
infographic by Raquel Gonzalez
[16][17][18] (see also Surgical Neonate)
What is the current consensus on the safety of general anesthesia for elective surgery in children under the age of three years?
infographic by Mary Edwards
[19][20] (see also Anesthesia)
What is the current state of management for pediatric intestinal failure?
infographic by Janice Taylor
[21][22] (see also Intestinal Failure)
What surgeon’s need to know about MIS-C?
infographic by Minna Wieck
[23][24][25] (see also COVID-19 for Pediatric Surgeons)
What are the indications for hemo- vs peritoneal dialysis?
infographic by Pamela Scalise and Alex Cuenca
[26][27] (see also Fluid and Electrolytes)
Head and Neck Disorders
What are the current recommendations for the management of thyroid nodules in children?
infographic by Pramod Puligandla
Thoracic Disorders
Do asymptomatic patients with a history of esophageal atresia need endoscopic surveillance?
infographic by Jay Meisner and Benjamin Zendejas
[30][31][32] (for more see Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula)
What is the optimal management of thoracostomy tubes in children with parapneumonic effusions?
infographic by Michael Livingston
[33][34][35] (for more see Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema)
Does every primary spontaneous pneumothorax require an intervention?
infographic by Brian Jones
[36][37] (for more see Spontaneous Pneumothorax)
What criteria do you use to determine when an infant with congenital diaphragmatic hernia is ready for surgical repair?
infographic by Pramod Puligandla
[38][39] (for more see Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia)
Abdominal Wall Disorders
What are the advantages of a sutureless closure in gastroschisis?
infographic by Pramod Puligandla
Gastrointestinal Disorders
How does one determine if a patient with inflammatory bowel disease will require surgery?
infographic by Brian Coakley
[42][43][44] (for more see Crohn Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)
video link The effect of biologics in the surgical management of IBD 2020 Top Educational Content talk
How do you prevent, detect and treat neonatal gas embolism during laparoscopy?
infographic by Brian Jones
video link Infant Gas Embolus 2020 Top Educational Content talk
What are the outcomes for nonoperative management of acute appendicitis?
infographic by Steven Lee
[49][50] (for more see Appendicitis)
What is the optimal bowel management in children with anorectal malformations?
infographic by Michael Livingston
[51][52][53] (for more see Anorectal Malformations and Bowel Management)
What is the role for screening upper gastrointestinal series in patients with heterotaxy syndromes?
infographic by Brian Coakley
[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] (see also Intestinal Rotational Abnormalities)
How does one manage the asymptomatic patient with heterotaxy syndrome and suspected intestinal rotational anomalies?
infographic by Brian Coakley
[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] (see also Intestinal Rotational Abnormalities)
How should gastresophageal reflux disease be managed in infants and children?
infographic by Eunice Huang
[63] (see also Gastroesophageal Reflux)
How do you troubleshoot common problems with gastrostomy tubes?
infographic by Jennifer DeFazio
[64] (see also Enteral Access)
What is the work-up and management of long term complications following surgery for Hirschsprung Disease?
infographic by Michael Livingston
[65][66][67] (see also Hirschsprung disease)
How is meconium ileus managed?
infographic by Gerald Gollin
[68][69] (see also Meconium Ileus)
Hepatobiliary Disorders
What is the role of indocyanine green in pediatric surgery?
infographic by Benjamin Zendejas and Jay Meisner
[70][71][72][73] (see also NewTechnology)
Trauma
Which children truly need cervical spine imaging after trauma?
infographic by Jonathan Meisel
[74][75] (for more see Cervical Spine Trauma)
video link Cervical Spine Trauma Imaging 2019 Top Educational Content talk
What is he correct fluid to use when resuscitating a child with a burn?
infographic by Mary Edwards
When should injured children receive blood rather than crystalloid?
infographic by David Notrica
[8][78][79][80][81] (for more see Trauma Resuscitation and Initial Evaluation)
What is the baseline management strategy for severe pediatric traumatic brain injury?
infographic by Pramod Puligandla
[82][83] (for more see Traumatic Brain Injury)
How does one monitor a child with severe pediatric traumatic brain injury?
infographic by Pramod Puligandla
[82][83] (for more see Traumatic Brain Injury)
What are the most current APSA evidence-based guidelines regarding blunt solid organ injuries in children?
infographic by Pramod Puligandla
[8][84][85][86] (for more see Liver and Spleen Trauma)
Which pediatric trauma patients should receive venous thromboembolism prophylaxis?
infographic by Janice Taylor
[87][88][89][90][91] (for more see Transfusion and Coagulation Therapy)
How is hypotension in pelvic trauma managed?
infographic by (Alyssa Mowrer, John Marquart and Dave Lal)
[92][93][94] (see also Pelvic Fractures)
Oncology
What is the minimum number of lymph nodes to sample for adequate staging during a Wilms tumor resection?
infographic by Brian Jones
[95][96][97] (for more see Wilms Tumor)
How are tumors classified in the International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) staging system?
infographic by Brian Coakley
[98][99][100] (see also Neuroblastoma)
What are the indications for the upfront hepatic resection of pediatric liver tumors?
infographic by Leah Ott and Alex Cuenca
[101][102] (see also Hepatoblastoma)
Genitourinary Disorders
What are the considerations for gonadal preservation in disorders of sex development?
infographic by Hannah Piper
[103][104][105] (for more see Disorders of Sex Development)
How can we optimize ovarian preservation in patients with ovarian masses?
infographic by Eunice Huang
[106][107][108] (for more see Ovarian Tumors )
What are the basics of caring for a child with cryptorchidism?
infographic by Brian Gulak
[109][110](see also Cryptorchidism)
Skin and Soft Tissue Disorders
What are the advantages of minimally invasive surgical techniques in pilonidal disease?
infographic by Jonathan Meisel
[111][112][113][114] (for more see Pilonidal Disease)
How do you clinically differentiate hemangiomas from other vascular malformations?
infographic by Benjamin Zendejas and Anna McGuire
[115](see also Vascular Tumors and Vascular Malformations)
Competencies
What factors lead to physician burnout and what impact can it have?
infographic by Mark Mazziotti
What is the impact of surgeons’ implicit bias?
infographic by Minna Wieck
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- Abrams JY, Oster ME, Godfred-Cato SE, et al. Factors linked to severe outcomes in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in the USA: a retrospective surveillance study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2021;5(5):323-331. [PMID:33711293]
- Feldstein LR, Tenforde MW, Friedman KG, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of US Children and Adolescents With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) Compared With Severe Acute COVID-19. JAMA. 2021;325(11):1074-1087. [PMID:33625505]
- Gerall CD, Duron VP, Griggs CL, et al. Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Mimicking Surgical Pathologies: What Surgeons Need to Know about MIS-C. Ann Surg. 2021;273(4):e146-e148. [PMID:33074884]
- de Galasso L, Picca S, Guzzo I. Dialysis modalities for the management of pediatric acute kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol. 2020;35(5):753-765. [PMID:30887109]
- Walters S, Porter C, Brophy PD. Dialysis and pediatric acute kidney injury: choice of renal support modality. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24(1):37-48. [PMID:18483748]
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- Christison-Lagay ER, Baertschiger RM, Dinauer C, et al. Pediatric differentiated thyroid carcinoma: An update from the APSA Cancer Committee. J Pediatr Surg. 2020;55(11):2273-2283. [PMID:32553450]
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- Islam S, Calkins CM, Goldin AB, et al. The diagnosis and management of empyema in children: a comprehensive review from the APSA Outcomes and Clinical Trials Committee. J Pediatr Surg. 2012;47(11):2101-10. [PMID:23164006]
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- Beres AL, Puligandla PS, Brindle ME, et al. Stability prior to surgery in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: is it necessary? J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(5):919-23. [PMID:23701760]
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- Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Carney N, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines, Executive Summary. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019;20(3):280-289. [PMID:30830016]
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- Ingram MC, Siddharthan RV, Morris AD, et al. Hepatic and splenic blush on computed tomography in children following blunt abdominal trauma: Is intervention necessary? J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81(2):266-70. [PMID:27257698]
- St Peter SD, Aguayo P, Juang D, et al. Follow up of prospective validation of an abbreviated bedrest protocol in the management of blunt spleen and liver injury in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(12):2437-41. [PMID:24314183]
- Mahajerin A, Petty JK, Hanson SJ, et al. Prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism in pediatric trauma: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma and the Pediatric Trauma Society. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;82(3):627-636. [PMID:28030503]
- Hanson SJ, Faustino EV, Mahajerin A, et al. Recommendations for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in pediatric trauma patients: A national, multidisciplinary consensus study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;80(5):695-701. [PMID:26881487]
- Connelly CR, Laird A, Barton JS, et al. A Clinical Tool for the Prediction of Venous Thromboembolism in Pediatric Trauma Patients. JAMA Surg. 2016;151(1):50-7. [PMID:26422678]
- Allen CJ, Murray CR, Meizoso JP, et al. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism after pediatric trauma. J Pediatr Surg. 2016;51(1):168-71. [PMID:26547285]
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